Factory Overhead Efficiency Variance

Factory Overhead Efficiency Variance:

Learning Objective of the article:

  1. Define and explain factory overhead efficiency variance.
  2. How is FOH efficiency variance calculated?
  3. What are the reasons / causes of unfavorable overhead efficiency variance.

Definition:

Factory overhead efficiency variance is the difference between actual hours worked multiplied by standard overhead rate and standard hours allowed times the standard overhead rate.

Overhead efficiency variance is the responsibility of department management. The reasons / causes of unfavorable efficiency variance include inefficiencies, inexperienced labor, changes in operations, new tools, and different types of materials.

Formula of efficiency Variance:

Following formula is used for the calculation of factory overhead efficiency variance:

[(Actual hours worked × Standard overhead rate) – (Standard hours allowed for actual production × Standard overhead rate)]

Example:

Following is the flexible budget of a department of a manufacturing company.

Department 3
Monthly Flexible Budget

Capacity 80% 90% 100%
Standard production 800 1,000 1,200
Direct labor hours 3,200 4,000 4,800
Variable factory overhead:
Indirect labor $1,600 $2,000 $2,400 $0.50 / dlh
Indirect materials 960 1,200 1,440 $0.30
Supplies 640 800 960 $0.20
Repairs 480 600 720 $0.15
Power and light 160 200 240 $0.05
—— —— ——- ———
Total variable factory overhead $3,840 $4,800 $5,760 $1.20 per dlh
====== ====== ====== ======
Fixed factory overhead:
Supervisor $1,200 $1,200 $1,200
Depreciation on machinery 700 700 700
Insurance 250 250 250
Property tax 250 250 250
Power and light 400 400 400
Maintenance 400 400 400
——- ——- ——
Total fixed factory overhead $3,200 $3,200 $3,200 $3,200 per month
——- ——- ——- ======
Total factory overhead $7,040 $8,000 $8,960 $3,200 per month
+ $1.20 per dlh
====== ====== ====== ======

Following data is also provided:

Actual factory overhead is $7,384. Actual production is 850 units of finished product. Actual hours used are 3,475 hours. 4 standard hours are allowed to complete a unit of finished product.

Required: Calculate factory overhead efficiency variance.

Calculation of Standard Overhead Rate:

Assuming that 90% column represents normal capacity, the standard overhead rate is computed as follows:

Total factory overhead / Direct labor hours

= $8,000 / 4,000

= $2 per standard direct labor hour

At 90% capacity level, the rate consists of:

Total variable factory overhead / Direct labor hours

= $4,800 / 4,000

= $1.20 variable factory overhead rate

Total fixed factory overhead / Direct labor hours

= $3,200 / 4,000

= $0.80 fixed factory overhead rate

Total factory overhead rate at normal capacity:

($1.20 + $0.80) = $2.00

Calculation of factory overhead efficiency variance:

Actual hours worked × Standard overhead rate (3,475 actual hours × $2 standard hours) $6,950
Standard hours allowed × Standard overhead rate  ( 3,400* standards hours × $4 standard overhead rate) $6,800
———
Overhead efficiency variance $150 unfav.

*850 × 4 = $3,400

This variance can also be computed as follows:

Actual hours worked 3,475
Standard hours allowed 3,400
———
Difference  75
———
overhead efficiency variance (75 hours × 2 standard overhead rate) $150 unfav.
======

This variance consists fixed and variable expenses and occurs when actual hours used are more or less than the standard hours allowed. When labor hours are the basis for applying factory overhead, this variance and its cause reflect the effect of the labor efficiency variance on factory overhead. When machine hours are the basis, the variance relates to efficiency of machine usage.

You may also be interested in other articles from “standard costing and variance analysis” chapter

  1. Standard Costs and Management By Exception
  2. Setting Standard Costs – Ideal Versus Practical Standards
  3. Direct Materials Price and Quantity Standards
  4. Direct Materials Price Variance
  5. Direct Materials Quantity Variance
  6. Direct Labor Rate and Efficiency Standards
  7. Direct Labor Rate/Price Variance
  8. Direct Labor Efficiency | Usage | Quantity Variance
  9. Manufacturing Overhead Standards
  10. Overall or net factory overhead variance.
  11. Controllable variance
  12. Volume variance
  13. Spending variance
  14. Idle capacity variance
  15. Efficiency variance
  16. Spending variance
  17. Variable efficiency variance
  18. Fixed efficiency variance
  19. Idle capacity variance
  20. Mix and Yield Variance – Definition and Explanation
  21. Materials Mix and Yield Variance
  22. Labor Yield Variance
  23. Factory Overhead Yield variance
  24. Variance Analysis and Management By Exception
  25. Managerial importance and usefulness of variance analysis
  26. Advantages and Disadvantages of Standard Costing System
  27. Standard Costing Discussion Questions and Answers
  28. Standard Costing and Variance Analysis Formulas
  29. Standard Costing and Variance Analysis Problems and Solution
  30. Standard Costing and Variance Analysis Case Study

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